A printable reference

The yield cheat sheet

Six useful calculations—and the assumptions that belong beside them.

Six calculations to keep straight

MeasureSimplified formulaImportant limit
Effective APY(1 + r/n)n − 1Constant nominal rate and reinvestment assumed.
Current bond yieldAnnual coupon ÷ purchase priceDoes not include repayment-price difference.
Duration price change−D × change in yieldFirst-order approximation; yield change in decimal form.
Holding-period return(Ending value + cash − starting value) ÷ starting valueNo external flows or reinvestment in this simplified version.
Reward after commissionGross reward × (1 − commission share)A reward fee is not an asset-based fee.
Token currency return(1 + unit growth) × (1 + price change) − 1Other costs and flows excluded.

Record before comparing

Full metric name · Observation date · Lookback window · Holding period · Currency · Fee basis · Compounding rule · Custody or issuer · Exit conditions · Unresolved questions.

Keep the mechanism visible

Deposits, bonds, funds, native staking, and crypto lending have different structures. Aligning annualized percentages does not equalize risks or protections. Token supply inflation is not consumer-price inflation. A distribution is not the whole return.

Read the assumptions

These are educational shorthand formulas, not complete product models. Refer to the full methodology, original sources, and the applicable product or network documents before using a calculation in a decision.